Narration কাকে বলে? কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

Narration সর্ম্পকে কিছু মৌলিক ধারণা

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Narration – এর সংজ্ঞা ; বক্তা যাহা বলে তাহা অন্যের নিকট উপস্থাপন করাকেই Narration বলে।

# Kinds of Narration-( Naration-এর প্রকার ) : Naration প্রধানত: দুই প্রকার । যথা :

1. Direct Naration or Direct Speech.
2. Indirect Naration or Indirect Speech.

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Direct Narration or Direct Speech –এর সংজ্ঞা:

বক্তা যাহা বলে তাহা কোন পরিবর্তন না করে অবিকল অন্যের নিকট উপস্থাপন করাকেই Direct Narration or Direct Speech বলে । যেমন:

• He said, “ I am going to school.” – সে বলিল, “ আমি স্কুলে যাইতেছি ।

Keep in mind – ( মনে রখো ):
He said, হলো Reporting verb এবং “ I am going to school. “ হলো Reported speech বা Direct Naration. এখানে উল্লেখ্য যে, বক্তার অবিকল কথাটা বা Reported speech বা Direct Naration “ Inverted Commas”-এর মধ্যে থাকে । আর Reporting verb-টি “ Inverted Commas”-এর বাইরে থাকে ।

Indirect Narration or Indirect Speech –এর সংজ্ঞা:

বক্তা যাহা বলে তাহা পরিবর্তন করে নিজের ভাষায় অন্যের নিকট উপস্থাপন করাকেই Indirect Narration or Indirect Speech বলে । যেমন:

• He said that he was going to school. –সে বলিল যে সে স্কুলে যাইতেছিল । এই বাক্যে বক্তার কথাকে পরিবর্তন কবা হয়েছে ।

Keep in mind – ( মনে রেখো ):
Indirect Naration বা Speech – এ “ Inverted Commas “ –এর দরকার হয় না । এখানে উল্লেখ্য যে,
“ I am going to school.” = বক্তার অবিকল কথা এবং He was going to school = বক্তার কথা পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে ।

আরো পড়ুনঃ Sentence কাকে বলে? Sentence কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

Read more Naration from Wikipedia 

# Different manner of Naration – ( বিভিন্ন ধরণের Narration ):Meaningful Sentence-এর ভিত্তি করে Naration পাঁচ প্রকার । যেমন:

1. Naration of Assertive Sentence.
2. Naration of Interrogative Sentence.
3. Naration of Imperative Sentence.
4. Naration of Optative Sentence.
5. Naration of Exclamatory Sentence.

Note: প্রত্যেক ধরনের Naration-এর কতকগুলো Rules আছে, যাহা Naration-এর জন্য অতীব জরুরী । এইসব Rules গুলো পরবর্তীতে বিভিন্ন ধরনের Naration-এর বিস্তারিত আলোচনায় আলোচনা করা হবে ।

# 1. Details On Narration Of Assertive Sentence – (Assertive Sentence-এর বিস্তারিত Narration ):

• Rules of Changing Narration of Assertive Sentence :

Rule-1 : Reported Speech-এর 1st person সবর্দা Reporting verb-এর person, number ও Gender ( subject ) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং Indirect Narration বা Indirect Speech-এ Reporting verb-এর পরে “that” conjunction –টি যুক্ত করতে হয় ।
For example-( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct Narration	Indirect Narration
I said, “I am wrong”.	I said that I was wrong
You said, “ I am wrong”.	You said that you were wrong.
He said, “ I am wrong”.	He said that he was wrong.

Note : I = I , You = you, He = he অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে ।

Rule-2: Reported Speech- এর 2nd person সবর্দা Reporting verb –এর object-এর person, number ও gender অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয় । যেমন:
For example-( উদাহরণ ) : ছকে দেখানো হলো:-

Direct Narration	Indirect Narration
Rashid said to me, “ I shall go with you”.	Rashid said to me that he would go with me.
Rashid said to you, “ I shall go with you.”	Rashid said to you that he would go with you.
Rokeya said to Hasina, “ I shall go with you.”	Rokeya said to Hasina that she ( Rokeya) would go with her ( Hasina).

Note : me = me, you = you, Hasina = her অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে ।

Rule-3 : Reporting verb যদি present বা Future tense হয়, তাহলে Reported speech – এর verb-এর tense কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না । কেবলমাত্র person পরিবর্তিত হয় । যেমন:
For example-( উদাহরণ ) : ছকের মাধ্যমে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
He says, “I am unwell.”	He says that he is unwell.
He says, “I went to school.”	He says that he went to school.
Rahim will say, “I shall go to the field”.	Rahim will say that he will go to the field.

Rule-4: Direct Narration থেকে Indirect Naration-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় নিম্নের শব্দগুলো এরূপ পরিবর্তিত হয় । যেমন:
For example-( উদাহরণ ): নিম্নে ছকের মাধ্যমে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Now	then	Tomorrow	the next day or the following day
Here	there	Yesterday	the previous day
This	that	Thus	in that way
These	those	Tonight	that night
Hence	thence	Last night	the previous night
Today	that day	x	x

Rule-5 : Direct Narration-এ Reporting speech-এর verb যদি past tense হয়, তাহলে Reported speech-এর principal verb গুলো corresponding past tense হয়। যেমন: ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

	Corresponding past tense
Present indefinite	Past indefinite
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Present perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past indefinite	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past perfect	No change
Past perfect continuous	No change
Shall	Should
Will	Would
Can	Could
May	Might

For example-( উদাহরণ ) : নিম্নের ছকে ধেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
He said, “ I eat rice “.	He said that he ate rice.
He said, “ I am eating rice.”	He said that he was eating rice
He said, “ I have eaten rice.”	He said that he had eaten rice.
He said, “ I have been eating rice.”	He said that he had been eating rice.
He said, “ I ate rice .”	He said that he had eaten rice.
He said, “ I was eating rice.”	He said that he had been eating rice.
He said, “ I shall eat rice.”	He said that he would eat rice.
He said, “ I shall be eating rice.”	He said that he would be eating rice.

Rule-6: Reported speech যদি Universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য ) বা Habitual fact ( অভ্যাসগত ) অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাহলে Reporting verb past tense হলেও Reported speech-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না । যেমন:

For example-( উদাহরণ ) : নিম্নের ছকে ধেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
He said, “ Honesty is the best policy.”	He said that honesty is the best policy.
My father said, “ Man is mortal.”	My father said that man is mortal.
The teacher said, “ Birds fly in the sky.”	The teacher said that birds fly in the sky.

# 2. Details On Narration Of Interrogative Sentence -(Interrogative Sentence-এর বিস্তারিত Narration ):

Interrogative sentence-কে Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তিত করার সময় কিছু নিয়মমকানুন বা Rules মেনে চলতে হয় । এই নিয়মকানুনগুলো বা Rules নিম্নে দেওয়া হলো :-
Rule-1: Interrogative sentence-এ Reporting verb “say” পরিবর্তিত হয়ে “ask” বা “inquire of “ হয় । যেমন:
For example- ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
He said to me, “ Who broke my glass?”	He asked/inquired of me who had broken his glass.
He said to me, “ Whose pen is this?”	He asked me whose pen was that.

Note: We can use “ inquire of” instead of “ask”. – “Ask” – এর পরিবর্তে ”Inquire of” ব্যবহার করতে পারি ।

Rule-2: Reported speech-এর শুরুতেই যদি am, is, are, shall, will, can, may, do – এইসব auxiliary verb থাকে, তাহলে Indirect speech –এ Reporting verb-এর পর “if” বা “ whether” বসে । যেমন:
For example– ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
He said to me, “ Are you going to school?”	He asked me if/whether I was going to school.
He said to me, “ Will you go to school?”	He asked me if I would go to school.
He said to me, “ Can I do the work?”	He asked me if I could do the work.
He said to me, “ May you help me?”	He asked me if I might help him.
He said to me, “ Do you go to school?”	He asked me if I went to school.

Note: We can use “ whether” instead of “ If”.- If – এর পরিবর্তে Whether ব্যবহার করতে পারি ।

Rule-3: Reported speech-এর শুরুতেই যদি what, which, who, whose, whom –এইসব interrogative pronoun বা when, why, how, where –এই সব interrogative pronoun ও adjective থাকে, তাহলে “If” বা ”whether” বসে না । যেমন:
For example– ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said to me, “ Who broke my glass?”	He asked me who had broken his glass.
He said to me, “ Whose pen is this?”	He asked me whose pen was that.
He said to me, “ Whom do you like best?”	He asked me whom I liked best.
He said to me, “What do you want?”	He asked me what I wanted.
He said to me, “ Why do you make a noise?”	He asked me why I made a npoise.
He said to me, “ When did you come to Dhaka?”	He asked me when I had come to Dhaka.
He said to me, “ How are you today?”	He asked me how I was that day.
He said to me, “ Where is your brother?”	He asked me where my brother was.

Note: We can use “inquire of “ instead of “ Ask”. – Ask-এর পরিবর্তে “inquire of “ ব্যবহার করতে পারি ।

# 3. Details On Narration Of Imperative Sentence- (Imperative Sentence –এর বিস্তারিত Narration):

Imperative sentence-কে Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় কিছু নিয়মকানুন বা Rules অনুসরণ করতে হয় । যেমন:
Rule-1: Imperative sentence-এ Reported speech দ্বারা ……

• আদেশ বুঝালে Reporting verb-এর “say” পরিবর্তিত হয়ে “order” হয়।
• উপদেশ “ “ “ “ “advise” “
• অনুরোধ “ “ “ “ “request” “
• সামরিক আদেশ “ “ “ “ Command” “

Rule-2: Reported speech- এর পূর্বে “to” বসে ।
Rule-3: Negative –এর “do” উঠে যায়, পরে “not” এবং verb-এর মধ্যবর্তীস্থানে “to” বসে । যেমন:
For example– ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
The man said to his servant, “ Bring a glass of water	The man ordered the servant to bring a glass of water.
My father said to me, “Don’t run in the sun.”	My father advised me not to run in the sun.
He said to me, “Please help me.”	He requested me to help him.
The General said to his soldiers , “ March forward.”	The General commanded his soldiers to march forward.

Note: Infinitive-এর পূবেৃ “say” না বসে, “tell” বসে । যেমন:
Direct speech: He said to me, “ Go home.”
Indirect speech: He told me to go home.

Rule-4: Vocative case বা case of address-এর ক্ষেত্রে যাকে সম্বোধন করা হয় বা যার সাথে সমন্ধ তাকে Reporting verb-এর সাথে যুক্ত করতে হয় । যেমন:
For example– ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
He said, “Hamid, come to our home.”	He told Hamid to go to their home.
The man said, “ Friends, please listen to my address.”	Addressing them as his friends the man requested to listen to his address.
The boy said, “ Sir, please allow me to go out.”	The boy requested the person spoken to respectfully to allow him to go out.

Rule-5: ”Let” দ্বারা যদি আদেশ বুঝায়, তাহলে Reported speech-এর subject-এর পরে “might” বা “might be allowed” বসে । যেমন:
For example– ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
The boy said, “ Let me go out.”	The boy said that he might be allowed to go out.
The man said, “Let me have a glass of water.”	The man said that he might be allowed to have a glass of water.

Rule-6: “Let’ দ্বারা যদি প্রস্তাব বুঝায়, তাহলে:-

• Reporting verb-এর “say” পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose বা suggest হয ।
• Reported speech-এর subject-এর পর should বসে ।
• “Let”-এর object-টি যদি 1st person ও plural number হয়, তাহলে প্রস্তাব ধরে নিতে হবে । যেমন:

For example- ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
I said to him, “Let us go out for a walk.”	I proposed to him that they should go out for a walk.
The president said, “ Let us drop the matter	The president suggested that they should drop the matter.

# 4. Details On Narration Of Optative sentence-( Optative sentence-এর বিস্তারিত Narration ):

Direct Narration থেকে Indirect Narration-এ পরিবর্তিত করা সময় Optative sentence-এর একটি মাত্র নিয়ম বা Rule অনুসরণ করতে হয় বা ব্যবহার করতে হয় । যেমন:
Rule-1: Optative sentenএ Reporting verb-এর “say” পরিবর্তিত হয়ে “wish” বা “pray” হয় এবং Reporting verb-এর পরে “that” বসে । যেমন:

For example- ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct Narration	Indirect Narration
I said to him, “ May you be happy.”	I wished that he might be happy.
The man said to me, “ May Allah bless you.”	The man prayed that Allah might bless me.
We said, “ Live long our president.”	We wished that our president live long.
The old man said to them, “ May you be great.”	The old man prayed that they might be great.

# 5. Details On Narration Of Exclamatory Sentence-(Exclamatory Sentence-এর বিস্তারিত Narration):

Direct Narration-কে Indirect Narration –এ পরিবর্তিত করার সময় কিছু নিয়মকানুন বা Rules অনুসরণ করতে হয় । যেমন:
Rule-1 : Exclamatory sentence-এ Reported speech-এর অর্থ অনুযায়ী Reporting verb-এর “say” পরিবর্তিত হয় । যেমন :

• দুঃখ প্রকাশ করলে exclaim with sorrow or cry out in sorrow.
• অনুশোচনা প্রকাশ করলে exclaim with grief.
• আনন্দ প্রকাশ করলে exclaim with joy.
• অবাক প্রকাশ করলে exclaim with wonder.
• শুভেচ্ছা প্রকাশ করলে wish
• বিদায় প্রকাশ করলে bade হয় । যেমন:

For example- ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct Narration /Speech	Indirect Narration / Speech
He said, “ Alas ! I am undone.”	He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
He said, “ Alas! My dog is dead.”	He exclaimed with sorrow that his dog was dead.
The girl said, “ Hurrah ! We have won the game.”	The girl exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
Nina said, “ Good morning my friends.”	Nina wished her friends good morning.
He said, “ Good bye, my brothers and sisters.	He bade his brothers and sisters good bye.

Rule-2 : Exclamatory sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত what, how, who ইত্যাদি যদি প্রশ্ন না বুঝিয়ে excess অন্যকোন অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাহলে Indirect Narration করার সময় great, very, none ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয় । যেমন:
For example- ( উদাহরণ ): ছকে দেখানো হলো :-

Direct Narration/Speech	Indirect Narration/Speech
Rahim said, “ What a nice picture it is !”	Rahim exclaimed with wonder that it was a very nice picture.
I said to him, “ How happy you are!”	I exclaimed with joy that he was very happy.
He said to him,” What a fool I am !”	He exclaimed with grief that he was a great fool.
He said, “ who know this would happen.”	He exclaimed with surprise that who knew that would happen.

“ The End”